初中升高中英语语法总结(部分一) 备课资料(人教版英语中考复习)
二、初高中英语衔接
专题一:名词考点集汇,讲解和训练
【名师点睛】
一、名词的数
1.单数和复数
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成,其主要变法如下:
(1)一般情况在词尾加-s,例如:bk→bks,girl→girls,by→bys,pen→pens,dtr→dtrs, by→bys。
(2)以s,x,h,sh,结尾的词加-es,例如:bus→buses,lass→lasses
bx→bxes,ath→athes,brush→brushes。
(3)以e, se, ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s,例如:range-ranges。
(4)以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如:ity→ities, fatry→fatries, untry→untries, faily→failies。但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如:by→bys, day→days。
(5)以结尾的词多数都加-es。例如:her→heres,ptat→ptates,tat→tates,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。例如:z→zs,radi→radis,还有某些外来词也只加-s,例如:pht→phts,pian→pians。
(6) 以f或fe结尾的词,多数变f为v再加-es,例如:knife→knives,leaf→leaves, half→halves。
复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法如下表所示。
复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法
情 况 读法 例 词
在[p][t][k][f]等清辅音后 [s] ups, hats, akes
在[s][z][t][d3][F]等音后 [iz] glasses, pages, ranges,
buses, athes,faes
在[b][d][g][v]等浊辅音后 [z] beds, dgs, ities, knives
(7)少数名词有不规则的复数形式,例如:an→en,an→en,tth→teeth,ft→feet,hild→hildren,use→ie。
【注意】与an和an构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-en和-en。例如:an Englishan,t Englishen。但Geran不是合成词,故复数形式为 Gerans;an, an等作定语时,它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定,如:en rkers, en teahers。
有个别名词单复数一样,例如:hinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时,可以加复数词尾。
(8)单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:peple, plie等。
(9)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。例如 an 8-year-ld girl, a ten-ile alk。
(10)还有些名词仅有复数形式,如:trusers,lthes,hpstiks,glasses,gds,ashes,sissrs,passes。
(11)只用作单数的复数形式的名词有:
科学名词:physis, atheatis/aths
游戏名称:bls
专有名词:the United States, Niagara Falls
其他名词:nes, falls
2.不可数名词“量”的表示方法
在英语中,不可数名词如果要表示“量的概念”,可以用以下两种方法:
(1)用uh, a little, a lt f/lts f, se, any等表示多少,例如:
The rih an has a lt f ney.
There is se ilk in the bttle.
Is there any ater in the glass?
I dn't like inter beause there's t uh sn and ie.
(2)用a piee f 这类定语,例如:
a piee f paper a piee f d a piee f bread
a bttle f range a glass f ater(ilk) a up f tea
a up f tea a bag f rie three bags f rie
如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时,在容器后加复数,例如:
t ups f tea
fur piees f paper
three glasses f ater
不可数名词也可用a lt f, lts f, se, any, uh等来修饰。
二、名词的所有格
名词所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。
1 表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加 's,其复数形式是s',例如:a student's r, students' rs, father's shes。
2 如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加 's,如:hildren's Day。
3 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用 's,例如:a tenty inutes' alk,ten iles' jurney,a bat's length,t punds' eight, ten dllars' rth。
4 无生命名词的所有格则必须用f结构,例如:a ap f hina,the end f this ter,the apital f ur untry, the lr f the flers。
5 双重所有格,例如:a friend f y father's。
【注意】
如果两个名词并列,并且分别有 's,则表示“分别有”,例如:Jhn's and ary's rs(约翰和玛丽各有一间,共两间);T's and ary's bikes(两人各自的自行车)。
两个名词并列,只有一个's,则表示“共有”,例如:Jhn and ary's r(约翰和玛丽共有一间);T and ary's ther(即T与ary是兄妹)。
【演练】
1.--- here have yu been, Ti?
--- I’ve been t ______
A the Henry huse B the Henry faily
The Henry’s he D Henry’s
2.In England, if ____ is in the iddle f the day, the evening eal is alled supper
A fd B lunh breakfast D dinner
3.Yu lked fr it tie, but yu haven’t fund it hy nt try ____
A three ties B a third tie the third tie D ne
4.--- They are thirsty ill yu please give the ______ ?
--- ertainly
A se bttles f aters B se bttles f ater
se bttle f ater D se bttle f aters
5.ike hurt ne f his ______ in the aident yesterday
A tth B feet hand D ear
6.There is se _______ n the plate
A akes B eat ptat D pears
7.In England, the last nae is the _______
A faily nae B iddle given nae D full nae
8.They are ging t fly _______ t Beijing
A Geren B Gerany Geranys D Gerans
9.The______ has t _______
A bys; athes B by; ath by; athes D bys; ath
10.The little baby has t _______ already
A tth B tths teeth D teeths
11.hat’s yur _______ fr being late again?
A idea B key exuse D nes
12.--- It’s dangerus here e’d better g ut quikly
--- But I think e shuld let _______ g ut first
A an and hildren B en and hild
an and hild D en and hildren
13.--- Yu an see r Sith if there is a sign “_______ ”n the dr f his shp
--- Thanks
AENTRANE BBUSINESS HURS
THIS SIDE UP DN SKING
14.Are they ging t have a pini n _______ ?
A hildren’s Day B hildrens’s Day
hildrens Day D hildren Day
15.here are the students? Are they in _______ ?
A the R 406 B R 406 the 406 R D 406 R
【练习答案】
1D 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7A 8D 9 10 11 12D 13B 14A 15B
专题二:形容词、副词考点集汇,讲解和训练
【名师点睛】
1 形容词的用法
(1) 形容词在句中作定语, 表语, 宾语补足语。 例如:
ur untry is a beautiful untry (作定语)
The fish ent bad (作表语)
e keep ur lassr lean and tidy (作宾语补足语)
(2) 形容词修饰sething, anything, nthing, everything等不定代词时,形容词放在名词后面。
I have sething iprtant t tell yu
Is there anything interesting in the fil
(3) 用 and 或 r 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。
Everybdy, an and an, ld and yung, shuld attend the eeting
Yu an take any bx aay, big r sall
(4) the+形容词表示一类人或物
The rih shuld help the pr
2 副词的用法
(1) 副词在句中可作状语,表语和定语。
He studies very hard (作状语)
Life here is full f jy (作定语)
hen ill yu be bak? (作表语)
副词按其用途和含义可分为下面五类:
1)时间副词
时间副词通常用来表示动作的时间。常见的时间副词有:n tday, trr, yesterday, befre, late, early, never, seld, seties, ften, usually, alays等。例如:
He ften es t shl late
hat are e ging t d trr?
He is never been t Beijing
2)地点副词
地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点。常见的地点副词有:here, there, inside, utside, he, upstairs, dnstairs, anyhere, everyhere, nhere, sehere, dn, up, ff, n, in, ut等。例如:
I et an ld friend f ine n y ay he
He ent upstairs
Put dn yur nae here
3)方式副词
方式副词一般都是回答“怎样的?”这类问题的,其中绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly构成的, 有少数方式副词不带词尾-ly, 它们与形容词同形。常见的方式副词有:anxiusly, badly, bravely, ally, arefully, prudly, rapidly, suddenly, suessfully, angrily, happily, slly, arly, ell, fast, sl, quik, hard, alne, high, straight, ide等。例如:
The ld an alked he slly
Please listen t the teaher arefully
The birds are flying high
He runs very fast
4)程度副词
程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词,有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语。常见的程度副词有:uh, (a) little, a bit, very, s, t, enugh, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, pletely, nearly, alst, deeply, hardly, partly等。例如:
Her prnuniatin is very gd
She sings quite ell
I an hardly agree ith yu
5)疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词。常见的疑问副词有:h, hen, here, hy等。例如:
H are yu getting alng ith yur studies?
here ere yu yesterday?
hy did yu d that?
(2)副词在句中的位置
1)多数副词作状语时放在动词之后。如果动词带有宾语,则放在宾语之后。例如:
r Sith rks very hard
She speaks English ell
2)频度副词作状语时,通常放在行为动词之前,情态动词,助动词和be动词之后。例如:识急硎尽耙病保但t用于肯定句,either用于否定句。例如:
She an dane, and I an dane, t
I haven’t read the bk and y brther hasn’t either
3) already, yet
already一般用于语肯定句,yet一般用于否定句。例如:
He has already left
Have yu heard fr hi yet?
He hasn’t ansered yet
4) s, neither
s和neither都可用于倒装句, 但s表示肯定,neither表示否定。
例如:
y brther likes ftball and s d I
y brther desn’t li7?br>1) very, uh
这两个副词都可表示“很”,但用法不同。Very用来修饰形容词和副词的原级,而uh用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级。例如:
She is a very nie girl
I’ feeling uh better n
uh可以修饰动词,而very则不能。例如:
I dn’t like the idea uh
They did nt talk uh
2) t, either
这两个副词都表示“也”,但t用于肯定句,either用于否定句。例如:
She an dane, and I an dane, t
I haven’t read the bk and y brther hasn’t either
3) already, yet
already一般用于语肯定句,yet一般用于否定句。例如:
He has already left
Have yu heard fr hi yet?
He hasn’t ansered yet
4) s, neither
s和neither都可用于倒装句, 但s表示肯定,neither表示否定。
例如:
y brther likes ftball and s d I
y brther desn’t like daning and neither d I
3 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
(1) 两个人或事物的比较时(不一定每一方只有一个人或一个事物),用比较级。
ur teaher is taller than e are
The bys in her lass are taller than the bys in yur lass
(2) st 同形容词连用而不用 the,表示 "极,很,非常, 十分"。
It's st dangerus t be here
在这儿太危险。
(3)“The+形容词比较级, the+形容词比较级”表示“越 就越”。
The re yu study, the re yu kn
(4) “形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级”, 表示 “ 越来越”。
It's getting htter and htter
(5) 主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。
This bx is as big as ine
(6) the + 形容词,表示某种人。
He alays helps the pr
(7) 形容词和副词最高级用于三个或三个以上的人和物进行比较。
Shanghai is ne f the biggest ities in hina
【演练】
1.There are any yung trees n sides f the rad
A every B eah bth D all
2.--- It’s s ld tday
--- Yes, it’s than it as yesterday
A re ld B re lder uh lder D ld
3.Little T has friends, s he ften plays alne
A re B a little any D fe
4.She isn’t s at aths as yu are
A ell B gd better D best
5.Peter rites f the three
A better B best gd D ell
6.He is enugh t arry the heavy bx
A strnger B uh strnger strng D the strngest
7.I bught exerise-bks ith ney
A a fe; a fe B a fe; a little
a little; a fe D a little; a little
8.The bx is heavy fr the girl arry
A t; t B t; t s; that D n; t
9.The ie in the lake is abut ne eter It’s strng enugh t skate n
A lng B high thik D ide
10.u Lin ran faster than the ther bys in the sprts eeting
A s B uh very D t
11 Jne lks s _______ tday beause she has gt an “A” in her aths test
A happy B happily angry D angrily
12 The sile n y father’s fae shed that he as ______ ith e
A sad B pleased angry D srry
13 ---u, uld yu buy e a dress like this?
---ertainly, e an buy ______ ne than this, but ______ this
A a better; better than B a rse; as gd as
a heaper; as gd as D a re iprtant; gd as
14 ---This digital aera is really heap!
---The ______ the better I’ shrt f ney, yu see
A heap B heaper expensive D re expensive
15 If yu ant t learn English ell, yu ust use it as _______ as pssible
A ften B lng hard D sn
16 Paul has ______ friends exept e, and seties he feels lnely
A any B se fe D re
17 English peple _____ use r Befre a an’s first nae
A never B usually ften D seties
18 ---ne re satellite as sent up int spae in hina in ay
---Right The gvernent spke ______ that
A highly fr B high f
ell f D highly f
19 ---Reeber this, hildren ______ areful yu are, ______ istakes yu ill ake
---e kn, iss Ga
A The re; the re B The feer; the re
The re; the feer D The less; the less
20 I have ________ t d tday
A anything iprtant B sething iprtant
iprtant nthing D iprtant sething
【练习答案】
1 2 3D 4B 5B 6 7B 8A 9 10B 11A 12B 13 14B 15A 16 17A 18D 19 20B